Microscope
A microscope is an optical instrument that allows us naked eye small to be seen with live or inanimate matter. The limits of expansionary see eye to see small objects play a role.
Microorganisms, they are so tiny you can not be seen but can be seen under a microscope and measured. Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, etc.) utilized in determining the size of the international metric system of measurement units. Micrometers eukaryotic organisms and bacteria, viruses nanometers, atoms and molecules are measured in angstroms.
- 1 mm = 1000 .mu.m (micrometers)
- 1 m = 1000 nm (nanometers)
- 1 nm = 1000 Å (angstrom)
Types of Microscopes
Today microscope used for various purposes can be divided into five main groups.
Light Microscope
The most commonly used and is the kind of microscope which has the simplest structure.Generally, bacteriology, mycology, pathology, histology, hematology, parasitology, widely used in biochemistry and microbiology laboratories. stereo microscope, which is used for their particular kind of light microscopy and three-dimensional images of objects more detailed examination of the visible. Plant flowers, leaves and other structures, materials, and insects lifeless body and organelles (soil, feed, mines, etc.) Used a lot in the study.
Dark Field (Field) Microscope
Some slim microorganisms (such as spirochetes) would not be able to see the light microscope and dark-field microscope is utilized for this purpose. The only difference between the dark-field microscope light microscope, the capacitor is the difference. These microorganisms under a microscope, it gives a bright image on a dark background. Provided from below by means of special light dark field condenser, the condenser in the middle of the black and overlie preparation entering from the sides due to the opaque region. With the light reflected by the microorganisms in the dark field image is obtained.
Phase Contrast Microscope
It allows light to be seen by phase contrast microscopy different refractive structures characterized by intracellular microorganisms examined uncoated in a liquid medium.Microscope used for this purpose, there are two important differences from the light microscope. These special condenser optical system (particular phase lenses) are used. Thus the preparation according to the luminous intensity of the rays from passing through the solution occurs in the area where the microorganism is found in darkness. Where the bacteria are kept light and appears dark, DNA gives a darker appearance. It is the wavelength of the light used is less than 0.2 micrometers.
Fluorescence Microscopy
Some substances can reflect the light in the long wavelength by absorbing short wavelength light having the wavelength. In fluorescence microscopy image is obtained by utilizing this feature. ultraviolet rays are used as light sources. Diffuse fluorescence called them from the rays of the events that reflect different wavelengths from those rays. When faced with this ray fluorescence dyes are used that in order to obtain the image. The most commonly used fluorescent dyes rhodamine (pink), auramine, fluresce (green), ethidium bromide (DNA coloring - golden yellow), trioflav, quinine is sulfated. Soil color is used to paint.
Electron Microscopy
The most important feature is the use of electrons as the light source. Electron microscopy of the structures may be grown from 20,000 to 1 million times. Viruses and viral particles can be seen with a microscope. There are two major differences between electron microscopy and light microscopy. Instead of the light source used in the electron microscope a very short wavelength of electrons and electromagnetic capacitors rather than glass lenses. The electrons passing through the object or small relative to the degree of permeability would be absorbed. The image is formed on a fluorescent screen and can be seen from the outside through a glass screen.
Part of the microscope and Functions
Light microscopy mechanical, optical and lighting consists of parts.
The mechanics
The mechanical part of the microscope objective and the ocular tube carrying arm for holding the microscope, enabling it to fit feet to the ground plate and to put the microscope preparations (base) forms. This section can show more or less varied according to type of microscope.
Microscopes and lift arm may hold for months or even half way. The upper end of this tube body, the lower end is coupled to the microscope table. Also macro button on the levers and micrometer Property tube (or tubes object) closer or out.
Preparations placed on the microscope table is round or rectangular. Some table, although a portion driven by the buttons on the sides, is fixed to move the slider special objects (exposure) has assembly. Some microscope in the table is fixed, it can fluctuate up and down in one part.
Microscope horseshoe, a heavy oval or flat feet (base) was placed on the table as a solid. Some microscopes are equipped with lighting fittings in the foot.
Optical Section
Microscopic observation object that is the most important part comprises obtaining the magnification. Optical part consists of objective
and ocular.
and ocular.
Lens:
lenses with different magnification capacity has occurred in many lenses. Microscope lenses in 4 or 5 pieces. lens constituting the portion closest to the optical portion of the object, placed under the microscope tube and a table rotatable about a central axis (rovelver) being screwed.4x magnification ratios informing on them, I0x, 40x, 100x has figures like. 100 most frequently used in microbiology objective. This objective, oil immersion lens between the preparation (cedar oil) is used dropwise. Therefore, also referred to as immersion objective.
Ocular:
The ragarded form part of the optical portion and placed at the top of the tube. Alt and double-lensed, including the top, in the above 5x, 10x, 15x, 20x magnification many times they are written. The task of the ocular lens to magnify the object image formed by the lens and to correct some errors. Some ocular microscope in a single (monocular) Although there are usually double-ocular (binocular) are available. Binocular system, are divided into two objektifd that the rays passing through the eye with the aid of prisms. Binoculars system, due to the spin head tilted to the right and left monocular vision provides a more convenient and easy compared to the system. Some binoculars in the title, has more than a third tube to place the camera. Some microscopes are equipped with devices could see two people simultaneously.
Lighting Section
Lighting division, the light source to illuminate the objects placed on the slide, right or reflecting mirror directs the light on this subject and consists of capacitor that collects light on objects.
Light source: To illuminate the objects in a microscope, usually electrically operated, or is outside the microscope into the microscope mounted light sources are used. Data required for the light source light illumination, also has a special diaphragm to adjust the lighting in some models.
Mirror: Mirror mounted on the microscope, rays from the light source to the condenser and thereby reflect upon the object. Some in the mirror contained within the microscope.
Filter: Under the rays from the light source to the capacitor and special place annular filter blue, green or matt is aimed to provide a good image by placing filters.
Aperture: The light from the lamp more or less than the rate required by the capacitor is located below the diaphragm and to enter the condenser. In response to operation with immersion generally sağlanır.b illuminating the object comprises more light to enter and fully opening the diaphragm, the diaphragm movement is switched off until the need for providing good contrast in the inspection.
Capacitors: A microscope to gather on the main task of the capacitor and enough light to illuminate objects. Usually capacitors consists of two lenses, provide a button with up and down inerçık and light to focus better.
Magnification Force Microscope
Focal length of the magnifying power of the microscope objective, and the length and magnification of the ocular optical tube. The magnification lens may be calculated by the following formula:
The magnifying power of the lens = Tube length / lens focal length
The focal length of the lens is 16 mm and the mechanical tube length 160 mm, the magnification of the lens = (160) / (16) = 10 is. The focal length of the lens 4, 160/4 = 40. The focal length of the lens 2, 160/2 = 80 is. The magnification eyepiece, usually written on (5x, 7x, l0x, 12x, 15x, 20x).
= Ocular microscope magnifying power of the lens the magnification power x magnification power
Such as ocular 5x, 40x magnification of a microscope whose objective = 5 x 40 = 200..
Considerations in the Use Microscope
- The rules need to be considered when using the microscope are described below.
- Microscope should always be carried with both hands, keeping one hand firmly under the arm with the other hand.
- Microscope put the table on which the firm, turbulence, a stool or a comfortable chair to sit in a way that allows the height of the microscope and look tirelessly must be adjustable in nature.
- should not be placed too close to the edge of the Microscope table and unnecessary things on the table should be removed beforehand.
- bottom of mold microscope cables is not crushed.
- Where the microscope should be stored in a special case or box.
- Microscope soft-textured, leave no residue should be cleaned after each use with a clean cloth.
- microscope objective must be left in a small way to the set working.
- And ocular lens must be removed from the place is absolutely unnecessary.
- Do not touch the lens of the microscope manually.
Cleaning and Maintenance Microscope
Obtaining a good image from a microscope substantially microscope care, it relates to cleaning and adjustment. Therefore, the microscope must show the importance of cleaning and maintenance. as well as obtaining good image in other words, before the use of the microscope to extend the life of the microscope and must be cleaned after being used very carefully.
Oil contamination anywhere immersion microscope objective, including the preparation of the examination should not be left mainly after immersion. Oil immersion moistened with a small amount of cleaning solution to remove any residual soft tissue, leaving residue, clean cloth (gauze, lens cleaning tissue or paper) is used. Cleaning solution in 7 parts ether, 3 parts ethanol mixture. This mixture can be used or xylene. Optical parts of alcohol, cotton, cloth not wipe with harder tissue. More not wet with xylene and in terms of damage to the microscope objective should not be applied more to the cleaning path.
The greatest enemy of the microscope objective dust, moisture and careless use. Microscope lenses of dusty, humid, and when released in a short time at a high temperature deteriorates and loses its function. Microscope, should never be left in the sun or hot. After completion of daily work is finished and the microscope should be maintained cleaned microscope cover is covered with or placed in the container.
To understand whether the ocular lens stains on the microscope ocular Is it or is it sufficient to rotate around its axis. If the stain the ocular, the spot is displaced with ocular movement. The displacement of the spots by the movement of the ocular lens means.
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