Microbiology Laboratory Turkey

Mikrobiyoloji Ile Ilgili Tüm Konuların Kısa ve Öz Anlatımları. Microbiology Lab Information.

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protozoa etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster
protozoa etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster

29 Mayıs 2019 Çarşamba

Mayıs 29, 2019

Dientamoeba fragilis

Dientamoeba fragilis

Dientamoeba fragilis was initially classified as an amoeba; however, the internal structures of the trophoziote are typical of a flagellate. No cyst stage has been described. The life cycle and mode of transmission of D. fragilis are not known. It has worldwide distribution. The transmission is postulated, via helminthes egg such as those of Ascaris and Enterobius species. Transmission by faecal- oral routes does occur. Most infection with D. fragilis is asymptomatic, with colonization of the cecum and upper colon. However, some patients may develop symptomatic disease, consisting of abdominal discomfort, flatulence, intermittent diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss. 
The therapeutic agent of choice for this infection is iodoquinol, with tetracycline and parmomycine as acceptable alternatives. The reservoir for this flagellate and  lifecycle are unknown. Thus, specific recommendation for prevention is difficult. However, infection can be avoided by maintenance of adequate sanitary conditions. 

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11 Şubat 2019 Pazartesi

Şubat 11, 2019

Trichomonas Vaginalis (Trikomoniyaz)

Trichomonas Vaginalis
(Trikomoniyaz)

Trichomonas vaginalis, insanın ürogenital sistemine yerleşen kamçılı bir protozoon olup, parazitliğine trikomoniyaz denir. 

Trikomoniyaz toplumlarda yaygın bir cinsel yolla bulaşan (CYB) hastalıktır. Parazitin kaynağı enfeksiyonlu kadın ve erkeklerdir. Kadınlarda vajen, erkeklerde ise üretra etkenin en sıklıkla yerleştiği bölgelerdir. T. vaginalis ile enfekte kişiler devamlı olarak ürogenital salgıları ile bu kamçılı protozoonu etrafa yayarlar. Türkiye’de, hastalığın yaygınlık düzeyi tam olarak bilinmemektedir; değişik gruplarda yapılmış çalışmalarda farklı oranlarda pozitiflik görülmüştür. Trikomoniyaz CYB hastalıkların epidemiyolojik özelliklerini gösterir. Tedavi edilmeyen olgularda HIV enfeksiyonuna yakalanma riskini artırabilir.

Trikomoniyaz diğer CYB hastalıklar için bir “indikatör hastalık” gibi kabul edilmekte ve trikomoniyaz tanısı konan vakaların diğer CYB hastalıklar yönünden de araştırılması önerilmektedir ayrıca gebelerde erken doğumlara ve düşük ağırlıklı doğumlara neden olabilir. Eşlerin birlikte tedavi edilmesi gereklidir. 

Enfekte erkeklerde çoğu zaman semptom yoktur. Bazı olgularda idrar yaptıktan sonra ağrı ve yanma, penis içi irritasyon ve beyaz bulanık akıntı olabilir. Bazı (özellikle tedavisiz) olgularda da prostatit ve epididimite kadar ilerleyip, üretral daralma ve infertilite gibi sonuçlar doğurabilir. Bazı kadınlarda enfeksiyona ait herhangi bir semptom olmayabilir. Semptomlu olgularda; vajinal akıntı köpüklü, sulu, mukuslu, sulu süt renginde, beyazımsı, sarımsı, ender olarak yeşilimsi, pis kokuludur. Spekulum uygulaması ağrılıdır. Vajina ve vulvada şiddetli kaşıntı görülür. Semptomlar genelde bulaşma olduktan sonraki 5-28 gün içinde ortaya çıkar. 


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10 Şubat 2019 Pazar

Şubat 10, 2019

Giardia lamblia | Giardia intestinalis (Giyardiyaz)

Giardia lamblia | Giardia intestinalis (Giyardiyaz)

Bir protozoon olan Giardia intestinalis'in (Giardia lamblia) neden olduğu hastalığa Giardiyazis denir. Bu parazitin yaşam döngüsünde trofozoit ve kist formu bulunur. G. lamblia insana has bir parazittir.
Giardiyozda parazit kaynağı, vücutlarında bu paraziti barındıran insanlardır. Parazit, bu kişilerin dışkıları ile dışarı atılır. Dış ortamda trofozoitler yaşamlarını yitirirken kistler uzun süre canlı kalır. İnfeksiyon, parazitin dört çekirdekli olgun kistlerinin ağız yoluyla alınmasıyla oluşmakta ve on kadar kist bile enfeksiyona neden olabilmektedir. Bulaşık yiyecek ve içeceklerle veya bulaşlı parmaklarla ağızdan alınan Giardia kistleri mide ve bağırsak öz sularının etkisi ile açılırlar ve içlerinden açığa çıkan trofozoitler özellikle duedonum olmak üzere ince bağırsak çeperine yapışırlar. Mukozaya yapışan parazitler hem yapıştığı bölgedeki yüzeyi harap eder hem de o bölgedeki besin emilimini engeller. 


Giardia enfeksiyonları dünyanın her bölgesinde ve tüm yaş gruplarında görülebilmekle birlikte, bu parazitin yol açtığı hastalığa çocukluk yaşlarında daha sık rastlanmaktadır.


İnfeksiyon, semptomsuz seyredebileceği gibi kısa dönemli akut ishal veya vakaların çoğunda olduğu gibi yağlı, yumuşak dışkılama, karında şişkinlik ve gaz, kramp şeklinde karın ağrısı, epigastrik bölgede duyarlılık ve malabsorbsiyon sendromu gibi belirtilere neden olabilir.

Giardiyoz’un tanısı, dışkı örneklerinde kistlerin ve trofozoitlerin görülmesiyle konabilir. Tanı için ayrıca serolojik testler de yapılabilmektedir. 
Mutlaka tedavi edilmesi gerekmektedir.


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23 Ocak 2019 Çarşamba

Ocak 23, 2019

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium vivax

P.vivax is selective in that it invades only young immature erythrocytes. Infections of P. vivax have the following characteristics:  

• Infected red blood cells are usually enlarged and contain numerous pink granules or schuffner’s dots.  
• The trophozoite is ring-shaped but amoeboid in appearance.  
• More mature trophozoites and erythrocytic schizonts containing up to 24 merozoites are present.  
• The gametocytes are round 

Epidemiology
P. Vivax is the most prevalent of the human plasmodia with the widest geographic distribution, including the tropics, subtropics, and temperate regions. However, it is the second most prevalent in Ethiopia following P. falciparum.

Clinical Features 
After an incubation period (usually 10 to 17 days), the patient experiences vague flu-like symptoms, such as headache, muscle pains, photophobia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. As the infection progresses, increased numbers of rupturing erythrocytes liberate merozoites as well as toxic cellular debris and hemoglobin in to circulation. In combination, these substances produce the typical pattern chills, fever and malarial rigors. These paroxysms usually reappear periodically (generally every 48 hours) as the cycle of infection, replication, and cell lyses progresses. The paroxysms may remain relatively mild or may progress to severe attacks, with hours of sweating, chills, shaking persistently, high temperatures (1030F to 1060F) and exhaustion. Since P.vivax infects only the reticulocytes, the parasitemia is usually limited to around 2 to 5% of the available RBCs.



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11 Aralık 2018 Salı

Aralık 11, 2018

Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis
Important features- it is a pear-shaped organism with a central nucleus and four anterior flagella; and undulating membrane extends about two-thirds of its length. It exists only as a trophozoite form, and measured 7-23μm long & 5-15μm wide. Transmission is by sexual intercourse.


Pathogenesis 
The trophozoite is found in the urethra & vagina of women and the urethra & prostate gland of men. After introduction by sexual intercourse, proliferation begins which results in inflammation & large numbers of trophozoites in the tissues and the secretions. The onset of symptoms such as vaginal or vulval pruritus and discharge is often sudden and occurs during or after menstruation as a result of the increased vaginal acidity. The vaginal secretions are liquors, greenish or yellowish, sometimes frothy, and foul smelling. Infection in the male may be latent, with no symptoms, or may be present as self limited, persistent, or recurring urethritis. 


Epidemiology   
This parasite has worldwide distribution, and sexual intercourse is the primary mode of transmission. Occasionally, infections can be transmitted by fomites (toilet articles, clothing), although this transmission is limited by liability of the trophozoite. Rarely Infants may be infected by passage through the mother’s infected birth canal. The prevalence of this flagellate in developing countries is reported to be 5% –20% in women and 2% –10% in men.

Clinical features 
Clinical disease - trichomoniasis. Most infected women at the acute stage are asymptomatic or have a scanty, watery vaginal discharge. In symptomatic cases vaginitis occurs with more extensive inflammation, along with erosion of epithelial lining, and painful urination, and results in symptomatic vaginal discharge, vulvitis and dysuria. 

Immunity  
The infection may induce humoral, secretory, and cellular immune reactions, but they are of little diagnostic help and do not appear to produce clinically significant immunity.  


Laboratory diagnosis  
• In females, T.vaginalis may be found in urine sediment, wet preparations of vaginal secretions or vaginal scrapings.  
• In males it may be found in urine, wet preparations of prostatic secretions or following massage of the prostate gland.  
• Contamination of the specimen with faeces may confuse T.vaginalis with T.hominis.  


Prevention  
- Both male & female sex partners must be treated to avoid reinfection  
- Good personal hygiene, avoidance of shared toilet articles & clothing.  
- Safe sexual practice.


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4 Aralık 2018 Salı

Aralık 04, 2018

PROTOZOA

PROTOZOA

Protozoan parasites consist of a single "cell-like unit" which is morphologically and functionally complete and can perform all functions of life. They are made up of a mass of protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm consists of an outer layer of hyaline ectoplasm and an inner voluminous granular endoplasm. The ectoplasm functions in protection, locomotion, and ingestion of food, excretion, and respiration. In the cytoplasm there are different vacuoles responsible for storage of food, digestion and excretion of waste products. The nucleus also functions in reproduction and maintaining life. 

The protozoal parasite possesses the property of being transformed from an active (trophozoite) to an inactive stage, losing its power of motility and enclosing itself within a tough wall. The protoplasmic body thus formed is known as a cyst. At this stage the parasite loses its power to grow and multiply. The cyst is the resistant stage of the parasite and is also infective to the human host.

Reproduction – the methods of reproduction or multiplication among the parasitic protozoa are of the following types: 
1. Asexual multiplication: 
(a) Simple binary fission – in this process, after division of all the structures, the individual parasite divides either longitudinally or transversely into two more or less equal parts.  
(b) Multiple fission or schizogony – in this process more than two individuals are produced, e.g. asexual reproduction in Plasmodia. 

 2. Sexual reproduction: 
(a) Conjugation – in this process, a temporary union of two individuals occurs during which time interchange of nuclear material takes place. Later on, the two individuals separate. 
(b) Syngamy – in this process, sexually differentiated cells, called gametes, unite permanently and a complete fusion of the nuclear material takes place. The resulting product is then known as a zygote.

Protozoa are divided into four types classified based on their organs of locomotion. 
These classifications are: amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans. 

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30 Ekim 2018 Salı

Ekim 30, 2018

PARASITOLOGY

WHAT IS PARASITOLOGY?

Parasitology is a branch of biological sciences (Ecology) that deals with the study of parasites and parasitism.
There are several fields of parasitology depending on issues under investigation. 

 • Field Parasitology (Basic Biology and Life cycles of Parasites)
• Biochemical and molecular Parasitology (Cell biology of Parasites)
• Public Health Parasitology (investigating the outbreak and control of Parasitic disease)
• Spatial Parasitology (Using the Sciences of GIS and Geostatistics to understand parasite distribution and prediction)
It is therefore not uncommon to see many scientist with different background calling themselves Parasitologist. In fact if you are using parasite as models in your research, you are a Parasitologist.

A parasite is a living organism which must spend at least a part of its life cycle on another living organism (the host). This means that a parasite is an organism which is metabolically dependent on another organism for it survival.
Attribute of a parasite
➤Always smaller than the host
➤Must not necessarily kill the host
➤Require host molecules or physiological process for survival
➤May or may not cause disease (pathology)

ANIMAL ASSOCIATIONS 
The majority of animals live independently in their environmental habitats.
Between some animals, there are associations which can be broadly divided into 2 groups
1. Homogenic associations (between individual of same genotypes)
2. Heterogenetic associations (between individuals of different genotypes.

Individuals of the same species will form loose association, like communities, state, and countries, mainly for division of labour and specialization eg. Ants, bees, herd of cattles. Heterogenetic association are in general much more complex and a number of terms have been developed to  describe them. Terms such as commensalism, phoresis, symbosis, mutualism and parasitism have been widely used to for various types of heterogentic associations. 
These terms were used by earlier workers to describes heterogenetic associations among animals. The definition of these terms is still controversial as they were based on little data such behaviour and structural observations. There were no physiological or mathematical basis of such association.

Within recent years the situation has changed due to increase knowledge of animal physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and population dynamics. Parasitism is know considered to be an ecological relationship between two population of different species (Anderson 1982). Parasites are not randomly distributed within the host population – they tend to be overdispered, i.e few hosts harbour large numbers of parasites and many hosts harbour only a few. This distribution is known as negative binomial and is typical of parasitic infection.

Dependency among animals are of several degree, therefore for an animal to be qualify as a parasite. It has must exhibit the following xter
1. Metabolic dependence: A parasite is considered here to be an organism that is metabolically dependent directly or indirectly on the hosts to some degree. 
2. Developmental stimuli: A parasites must be able to recognised the environment of host which can trigger developmental process
3. Nutritional dependence: The host is source of food for the parasites
4. Digestive enzymes: The Parasites has evolve enzymes that can digest host complex molecules.
5. Control of maturation: The parasite need the host to control its development.



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