virus
Şubat 02, 2019
Microbiology Art Fun (Cross-Stitched Microbiology)
Microbiology Art Fun
Microbiology Art Fun And Love.
So Awsome 😍😂
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microbe etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster
microbe etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster
2 Şubat 2019 Cumartesi
4 Aralık 2018 Salı
Protozoan
Aralık 04, 2018
PROTOZOA
PROTOZOA
Protozoan parasites consist of a single "cell-like unit" which is morphologically and functionally complete and can perform all functions of life. They are made up of a mass of protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm consists of an outer layer of hyaline ectoplasm and an inner voluminous granular endoplasm. The ectoplasm functions in protection, locomotion, and ingestion of food, excretion, and respiration. In the cytoplasm there are different vacuoles responsible for storage of food, digestion and excretion of waste products. The nucleus also functions in reproduction and maintaining life.
The protozoal parasite possesses the property of being transformed from an active (trophozoite) to an inactive stage, losing its power of motility and enclosing itself within a tough wall. The protoplasmic body thus formed is known as a cyst. At this stage the parasite loses its power to grow and multiply. The cyst is the resistant stage of the parasite and is also infective to the human host.
Reproduction – the methods of reproduction or multiplication among the parasitic protozoa are of the following types:
1. Asexual multiplication:
(a) Simple binary fission – in this process, after division of all the structures, the individual parasite divides either longitudinally or transversely into two more or less equal parts.
(b) Multiple fission or schizogony – in this process more than two individuals are produced, e.g. asexual reproduction in Plasmodia.
2. Sexual reproduction:
(a) Conjugation – in this process, a temporary union of two individuals occurs during which time interchange of nuclear material takes place. Later on, the two individuals separate.
(b) Syngamy – in this process, sexually differentiated cells, called gametes, unite permanently and a complete fusion of the nuclear material takes place. The resulting product is then known as a zygote.
Protozoa are divided into four types classified based on their organs of locomotion.
These classifications are: amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans.
30 Ekim 2018 Salı
protozoa
Ekim 30, 2018
PARASITOLOGY
WHAT IS PARASITOLOGY?
There are several fields of parasitology depending on issues under investigation.
• Field Parasitology (Basic Biology and Life cycles of Parasites)
• Biochemical and molecular Parasitology (Cell biology of Parasites)
• Public Health Parasitology (investigating the outbreak and control of Parasitic disease)
• Spatial Parasitology (Using the Sciences of GIS and Geostatistics to understand parasite distribution and prediction)
It is therefore not uncommon to see many scientist with different background calling themselves Parasitologist. In fact if you are using parasite as models in your research, you are a Parasitologist.
A parasite is a living organism which must spend at least a part of its life cycle on another living organism (the host). This means that a parasite is an organism which is metabolically dependent on another organism for it survival.
Attribute of a parasite
➤Always smaller than the host
➤Must not necessarily kill the host
➤Require host molecules or physiological process for survival
➤May or may not cause disease (pathology)
ANIMAL ASSOCIATIONS
The majority of animals live independently in their environmental habitats.
Between some animals, there are associations which can be broadly divided into 2 groups
1. Homogenic associations (between individual of same genotypes)
2. Heterogenetic associations (between individuals of different genotypes.
Individuals of the same species will form loose association, like communities, state, and countries, mainly for division of labour and specialization eg. Ants, bees, herd of cattles. Heterogenetic association are in general much more complex and a number of terms have been developed to describe them. Terms such as commensalism, phoresis, symbosis, mutualism and parasitism have been widely used to for various types of heterogentic associations.
These terms were used by earlier workers to describes heterogenetic associations among animals. The definition of these terms is still controversial as they were based on little data such behaviour and structural observations. There were no physiological or mathematical basis of such association.
Within recent years the situation has changed due to increase knowledge of animal physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and population dynamics. Parasitism is know considered to be an ecological relationship between two population of different species (Anderson 1982). Parasites are not randomly distributed within the host population – they tend to be overdispered, i.e few hosts harbour large numbers of parasites and many hosts harbour only a few. This distribution is known as negative binomial and is typical of parasitic infection.
Dependency among animals are of several degree, therefore for an animal to be qualify as a parasite. It has must exhibit the following xter
1. Metabolic dependence: A parasite is considered here to be an organism that is metabolically dependent directly or indirectly on the hosts to some degree.
2. Developmental stimuli: A parasites must be able to recognised the environment of host which can trigger developmental process
3. Nutritional dependence: The host is source of food for the parasites
4. Digestive enzymes: The Parasites has evolve enzymes that can digest host complex molecules.
5. Control of maturation: The parasite need the host to control its development.
27 Ekim 2018 Cumartesi
yersinia
Ekim 27, 2018
Yersinia (Yersinia enterocolitica,Yersinia pestis)
YERSİNİA
(Yersinia enterocolitica,Yersinia pestis)
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| Yersinia |
Yersinia enterocolitica koko basil görünümünde, sporsuz, kapsülsüz, 25oC'lik kültürlerinde hareketli iken 37oC'lik kültürlerde hareketsiz hale gelen, bu özelliği ile Yersinia pestis'ten ayrılan gram negatif (-) basildir. Kutupsal boyanma özelliği gösterir (uç kısımları koyu, ortaları daha açık boyanır).
Üreme Özellikleri
Yersinia enterocolitica, aerob veya fakültatif anaerobdur. Optimal üreme ısı 25oC'dir. +4 oC 'de bile yavaş olarak üreyebilir. Kuruluk ve ısıya karşı dayanıksızdır. Safra tuzlu besiyerleri ve adi besiyerlerinde kolay ürer. Katı besiyerinde düzgün, hafif konveks 1-2mm çapında S tipi koloni yapar. Laktoz (-) olduğundan ENDO ve EMB agarda renksiz veya pembemsi, MacConkey'de renksiz veya sarımsı, deoksilat sitrat agarda saydam koloni oluşturur.
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| Yersinia enterocolitica growing on C.I.N. Agar |
Antijenik Özellikleri
Yersinia enterocolitica'da, O, H ve K antijenleri bulunur.
Yaptığı Hastalıklar Gastroenterit, enterocolit, lenfadenit, faranjit, septisemi, artrit, purpura ve eritama gibi deri döküntülerine neden olur.
Laboratuvar Teşhisi
İnceleme örnekleri: Kan, idrar, ponksiyon sıvısı, gaita.
Teşhis Yöntemleri
➤Kültür; MacConkey, ENDO, EMB agara direkt ekilebildiği gibi önce selenit-F besiyerine çift ekim yapılır; biri buzdolabına +4oC‟de, diğeri oda ısısında bekletilir. Oda ısısnda bekletilen, birkaç saat sonra ENDO, EMB, CIN agara ekilir. Buzdolabında bekletilen ise 7,17 ve 21. Günlerde Mac-Conkey ve CIN agara tek koloni ekimleri yapılarak kültürler izlenir. ➤Biyokimyasal testler; TSİ, Üre, IMViC testleri yapılır.
➤Serolojik testler; hastalığın 2.ve 3.haftasından itibaren serolojik tesler yapılır.
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| GRAM BOYAMA |
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia pestis hareketsiz, sporsuz, kapsülsüz, gram negatif (-) koko-basildir. Kutupsal boyanma özelliği gösterir.
Üreme Özellikleri
Yersinia pestis, aerob veya fakültatif anaerobdur. Optimal üreme ısısı 25-30 oC olmakla birlikte -2 ila 40 oC'de de üreyebilir. Kuruluk, ısı, gün ışığı ve dezenfektanlara dayanıksızdır. Organizma dışında kısa ürede ölür. Karanlıkta kalan pire dışkısında aylarca canlı kalır. Buyyonda ilk üremeleri yavaş olup bulanıklık yapmaz. Sonra dipte çöküntü oluşturur. Adi besiyerinde ve MacConkey'in safra tuzlu besiyerinde ürer. Jeloz ve jelatin üzerinde 48 saat sonra narin, saydam, ortasında yuvarlak, ince granüllü bir kısım bulunan koloniler yapar. İndol (-) dir. H2S yapar. Jelatini eritmez, hemoliz yapmaz.
Antijenik Özellikleri
Yersinia pestis'in O antijeni bulunur.
Yaptığı Hastalıklar
Yersinia pestis, veba hastalığına neden olur.
Laboratuvar Teşhisi
İnceleme örnekleri: Lenf bezinden ponksiyonla alınan irin, kan, balgam. Örnekler çok bulaşıcı olduğundan vücut yüzeyi ve çevreye bulaştırmadan alınmasına özen gösterilmesi gerekir.
➧Teşhis Yöntemleri
➤Mikrobiyolojik örneğin direkt mikroskobik incelemesi; örnekten direkt preparat hazırlanıp gram boyasıyla boyanarak mikroskopta incelenir.
➤Kültür; örnekler ENDO, MacConkey veya CIN agara (Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin agar = BD Yersinia selektiveseçici agar; Yersinia enterocolitica'nın izolasyonu için seçici differansiyal bir besiyeri) ekilerek kesin tanı, kültürle konur.
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26 Ekim 2018 Cuma
WHAT IS BACTERIA
Ekim 26, 2018
BACTERIA
WHAT IS BACTERIA
Bacteria adapt to become well-suited to their environments, and therefore come in many shapes and forms. However, they all have a few parts in common.
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| BACTERIA |
- Capsule: A protective, often slimy, coating, often of sugars, that helps to protect the bacterium. It also makes bacteria virulent. This means the bacteria is more likely to cause disease, since it aids the cell in survival against attack. For example, the bacteria may survive an attack from the human body's immune system.
- Cell wall: In bacteria, the cell wall is usually made of peptidoglycan, a protein and sugar compound. This structure gives the cell some rigidity and protection.
- Cell membrane: As in most cells, the bacterium's plasma membrane acts by coordinating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
- Cytoplasm: Again, as in many cells, the cytoplasm serves as a medium through which molecules are transported, as well as a system to maintain conditions (like temperature and pH) that are best for the cell.
- Ribosomes: The main site for the bacterium's protein synthesis.
- Nucleosome: A basic unit of chromatin, which won't be covered in this lesson.
- Nucleoid: This is the region where the bacterium's DNA is located. Again, it's not the same as a nucleus because it's not surrounded by a membrane.
- Flagellum: In many bacteria, a flagellum is present, and is the means by which the cell moves around.
Classification
Because bacteria are so diverse in both form and habitat, biologists have struggled with their classification, (also called their 'taxonomy.') For many years, bacteria were called 'monerans,' and placed in a kingdom of the same name. Although you still might hear bacteria referred to as monerans, it's not a term currently accepted among biologists.
Life is now classified into three domains; a domain is a taxonomic level that is higher than a kingdom, and based on an organism's DNA. Bacteria is one of these domains, while the others are eukarya, composed of organisms that have nucleated cells, and archaea, composed of unicellular prokaryotes, many of which have evolved to exploit extreme environments. Organisms in the archaea domain were originally considered a type of bacteria - known as archaebacteria - but scientists have since reclassified them. In this image, groups of archaea are indicated by green lines, and bacteria are in blue. Red lines indicate eukaryotes.
How we group bacteria
Scientists try to make sense of the sheer number and diversity of bacteria by grouping them in various ways. Here are just a few ways that are accepted in the scientific and medical communities:
Shape: Bacteria are usually one of three shapes. Cocci are round; bacilli are rod shaped; spirilla (also called spirochetes) are spiral.
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20 Ekim 2018 Cumartesi
virüs
Ekim 20, 2018
A VIRUS | MICROBIOLOGY
VIRUS
A virus is a very small particle that is capable of infecting a cell and potentially causing disease. The cell that is infected by a virus is called the "host cell". Most viruses are too small to be seen with a normal microscope but can be visualized using an electron microscope. Although there is some debate whether viruses should be classified as living organisms or not, generally viruses are considered as microorganisms. The study of viruses is called virology and is is a branch of microbiology.
Because a virus is unable to reproduce without the help of the host cell, by a strict definition a virus cannot therefore be considered as a living organism. One of the required chapacteristics for a living organism being the capacity to reproduce. A virus is, however, capable of reproducing within the host cell by making use of the cellular processes of the host cell. Virtually all cells are susceptible to infection by viruses. Different types of viruses infect different host cells. Thus there are viruses that infect plants, others that infect bacterial cells (these viruses are called bacteriophage or phage), and viruses that infect humans and other mammals. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes can be infected by viruses.
All viruses contain genetic material, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a case made of protein. Viruses vary greatly in shape and size. Not all viruses carry disease. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Some anti-viral drugs are available that can be used to treat viral infections.
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16 Ekim 2018 Salı
parazitoloji
Ekim 16, 2018
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides
Life Cycle and Morphology
The adult worms are cylindrical, with a tapering anterior end. They are the largest of the common nematode parasites of humans; females measure 20 to 35 cm long and the males are 15 to 31 cm long, with a curved posterior end. Also, the three welldeveloped lips are characteristic of this group. Infection in humans is acquired through ingestion of the embryonated eggs from contaminated soil. On ingestion, the eggs hatch in the stomach and duodenum, where the larvae actively penetrate the intestinal wall; they are then carried to the right heart via the hepatic portal circulation. Then the larvae are carried into the pulmonary circulation, where they are filtered out by the capillaries. After approximately 10 days in the lung, the larvae break into the alveoli, migrate via the bronchi until they reach the trachea and pharynx, and are then swallowed.
The worms then mature and mate in the intestine, with the eventual production of eggs which are passed in the stool. The entire developmental process from egg ingestion to egg passage from the adult female takes from 8 to 12 weeks. During her life span, egg deposition may reach a total of 27,000,000 eggs. Both unfertilized and fertilized eggs are passed. Often only female worms are recovered from the intestine. Fertilized eggs will become infective within 2 weeks if they are in moist, warm soil where they may remain viable for months or even years. The fertilized egg is broadly oval, with a thick, mammilated coat, usually bile-stained a golden brown. These eggs measure up to 75 µm long and 50 µm wide. Unfertilized eggs are usually more oval, measure up to 90 µm long, and may have a pronounced mammilated coat or an extremely minimal mammilated layer. Often both types of eggs are found in the same stool specimen. The total absence of fertilized eggs means only female worms are present in the intestine.
Clinical Disease
Pathogenesis caused by Ascaris infections is attributed to (1) the host's immune response, (2) effects of larval migration, (3) mechanical effects of the adult worms, and (4) nutritional deficiencies due to the presence of the adult worms. Although the initial passage of larvae through the liver and lungs usually elicits no symptoms, there can be signs of pneumonitis if the number of larvae is quite large. When the larvae break out of the lung tissue and into the alveoli, there may be some bronchial epithelium damage. With reinfection and subsequent arval migrations, there may be intense tissue reactions, even with small numbers of larvae. There may be pronounced tissue reaction around the larvae in the liver and lung with infiltration of eosinophils, macrophages, and epithelioid cells. This has been called Ascaris pneumonitis and is accompanied by an allergic reaction consisting of dyspnea, a dry or productive cough, wheezing or coarse rales, fever (39.9-40.0°C), transient eosinophilia, and a chest xray suggestive of viral pneumonia. This picture of transient pulmonary infiltrates, clearing within a couple of weeks, and associated with peripheral eosinophilia is frequently called Loeffler's syndrome. In addition to eosinophils and CharcotLeyden crystals, the sputum may also contain larvae. Asthma and urticaria may continue during the intestinal phase of ascariasis.
The presence of the adult worms in the intestine usually causes no difficulties unless the form burden is very heavy; however, due to the tendency of the adult worms to migrate, even a ingle worm can cause serious squeal. Worm migration may occur as a result of stimuli such as fever (usually over 38.9 (°C), the use of general anesthesia, or other abnormal conditions. This migration may result in intestinal blockage; entry into the bile duct, pancreatic duct, or other small spaces; or entry into the liver or peritoneal cavity. They can also migrate out of the anus or come out the mouth or nose. Other body sites have been involved such as the kidney, appendix, or pleural cavity. In children, particularly those under the age of 5, there may be severe nutritional impairment related to the worm burden. Directly measurable effects would include increased fecal nitrogen and fecal fat, and impaired carbohydrate absorption, all of which would return to normal with elimination of the adult worms. Worms can also be spontaneously passed without any therapy.
Diagnosis
In the larval migration phase of the infection, diagnosis can be made by finding the larvae in sputum or in gastric washings. The typical Loeffler's syndrome is more likely to be seen in areas where transmission is highly seasonal. During the intestinal phase, the diagnosis can be made by finding the eggs (unfertilized or fertilized) or adult worms in the stool. The eggs are most easily seen on a direct wet smear or a wet preparation of the concentration sediment. Unfertilized Ascaris eggs will not float using the zinc sulfate flotation concentration method (eggs too heavy). Also, if too much iodine is added to the wet preparations, the eggs may look like very dark debris. Eggs may be very difficult to identify on a permanent stained smear due to stain retention and asymmetrical shape. Intestinal disease can often be diagnosed from radiographic studies of the gastrointestinal tract where the worm intestinal tract may be visualized. This may be particularly obvious when two worms are lying parallel, like "trolly car lines". Other involved body sites would present specific symptoms indicative of bowel obstruction, biliary or pancreatic duct blockage, appendicitis, or peritonitis. Therapeutic measures would be related to specific symptoms and involved areas.
Ascaris lumbricoides —LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
1. Both fertilized and unfertilized eggs can easily be recovered using the sedimentation concentration. (Unfertilized eggs will not float using zinc sulfate flotation concentration.)
2. Because of the potential problems caused by migration of the adult worms, patients who are undergoing elective surgery and general anesthetic should be checked for the presence of Ascaris if there is any possible exposure history (some anesthetics stimulate the worms to migrate). Usually a single stool examination will suffice to rule out the infection.
3. Larvae could be recovered from sputum (larval migration through the lungs); however, this is not a common finding.
4. Eggs may be very difficult to recognize on a permanent stained smear. They will usually be very darkly stained and may be mistaken for debris.
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