Microbiology Laboratory Turkey

Mikrobiyoloji Ile Ilgili Tüm Konuların Kısa ve Öz Anlatımları. Microbiology Lab Information.

Bu Blogda Ara(SEARCH)

MicroLab

serology etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster
serology etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster

4 Şubat 2019 Pazartesi

Şubat 04, 2019

Hepatitis C | HCV

Hepatitis C | HCV 

What is hepatitis C?

The hepatitis C (HCV) virus is spread through blood-to-blood contact and leads to inflammation of the liver. There is no vaccine to prevent HCV infection, however in many cases it can be cured.
Acute hepatitis C occurs when a person is infected with HCV for less than six months. One out of every three people infected clear the virus within six months. The others go on to have chronic hepatitis C.
The virus causes inflammation of the liver, which affects the way the liver works. The liver is an important organ that does many tasks essential for life and growth. If left untreated, HCV can result in a lot of scarring in the liver (cirrhosis), which stops the liver working properly. Liver damage can lead to liver cancer or liver failure.

What are the symptoms?

Many people with HCV have no symptoms. It is often referred to as a silent epidemic because people commonly don’t notice any symptoms until 20 or 30 years after infection. Any symptoms that do appear are usually mild and non-specific. The most common symptoms include:
  • Tiredness (fatigue)
  • Joint pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea
  • Abdominal pain.

How is hepatitis C spread?

Hepatitis C is spread through blood-to-blood contact. It is highly infectious and can survive outside the body for more than seven days. Those most at risk of HCV are people who:
  • Have injected drugs (even if only once)
  • Have received a tattoo or body piercing using unsterile equipment
  • Lived or received medical attention in a high-risk country (South East Asia, China, Eastern Europe (including Russia), or the Middle East)
  • Had a blood transfusion or received blood products prior to 1992
  • Have ever been in prison
  • Were born to a mother living with hepatitis C.

What tests are required to diagnose hepatitis C?

There are two blood tests needed to diagnose chronic hepatitis C.
  • Antibody test (anti-HCV) – Looks for antibodies and confirms whether you have ever been in contact with the hepatitis C virus. If this test if positive it doesn’t necessarily mean you are currently infected with hepatitis C, it means you have been infected at some point.
  • HCV RNA / hepatitis C antigen test – Confirms if the virus is present and whether you are infected.
  • Hepatitis C genotype test – HCV has six main sub-types. These sub-types or strains are called ‘genotypes’.

How to prevent infecting others?

Hepatitis C is spread through blood-to-blood contact. To avoid infecting others you should take the following steps:
  • Cover any open cuts or sores
  • Clean any blood spillage with household bleach (do not put bleach on your skin)
  • Avoid sexual practices which may risk blood contact
  • Do not share piercing, tattooing, drug injecting or snorting equipment
  • Do not donate blood
  • Do not share razors, towels, toothbrushes, or any object that may come into contact with blood.

Why is it important to be monitored?

Regular monitoring is important to assess the health of your liver. Blood tests can detect liver disease. If there is liver damage your GP can refer you to your local gastroenterology service for further assessment.

Who should I tell?

You do not have to tell anyone you have hepatitis, but you should take reasonable precautions to prevent the spread of the virus to others.
You may choose to share your diagnosis with particular people for support. It is often best to tell people you trust or people directly affected, such as household members or sexual partners.
Telling health care workers such as a doctor or nurse may be beneficial for good health care (e.g. prescribing the most appropriate medications). Health care workers, including dentists, are required to use standard infection control precautions for all situations and procedures that may involve exposure to blood or other bodily fluids, regardless of whether you have hepatitis or not.

Do I need to tell my employer? 

People living with hepatitis do not have to tell employers, unless you work in an environment that may put others at risk, such as healthcare. However, disclosure is not mandatory. Discrimination against people with hepatitis in the workplace is illegal.


INSTAGRAM
0
By on Hiç yorum yok:
Etiketler: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

27 Aralık 2018 Perşembe

Aralık 27, 2018

Slâyt ile CRP Testi

Slâyt ile CRP Testi


CRP'nin araştırılması için anti CRP serumunun gama globulinleri ile yüklenmiş lateks parçacıklarını ayıraç olarak kullanarak ve hasta serumu ile oluşan parçacık aglütinasyonunun değerlendirilmesi suretiyle yapılan uygulamalar daha yaygın kullanılmaktadır.


Amaç
Slâyt üzerinde aglütinasyon yöntemi ile CRP düzeyini ölçmektir.

Araç Gereçler  
  • Reaktif: CRP-Latex (keçi antikorlarıyla kaplı polistiren partikülleri süspansiyonu) 
  • Taze serum numunesi 
  • Pozitif ve negatif kontrol serumları  
  • Tek kullanımlık serum damlatıcı 
  • Slâyt 
  • Cam baget 
  • Rotatör 



Teknik
  • Tüm reaktifler ve numune, oda sıcaklığına getirilip kullanmadan önce iyice karıştırılır.  
  • Slâyt üzerine bir damla serum damlatılır. 
  • Serum üzerine bir damla CRP-Latex antijeni ekleyip cam bagetle iyice karıştırılır. 
  • Slâyt, iki dakika boyunca hafif dairesel hareketlerle sallanır ve aglütinasyon izlenir. 
  • Pozitif ve negatif kontrol serumları da aynı işleme tabi tutulur. 




Testin Değerlendirilmesi
  • Aglütinasyon görülmesi, pozitif sonucu verir. Pozitif sonuç; numune içerisindeki CRP konsantrasyonunun 0.6 mg/dl'ye eşit veya bu orandan daha fazla (normalden yüksek) olduğunu gösterir. 
  • Aglütinasyon görülmemesi,  negatif sonucu verir. Negatif sonuç, numune içerisindeki CRP konsantrasyonunun 0.6 mg/dl'den az (normal seviyede) olduğunu gösterir. 

0
By on Hiç yorum yok:
Etiketler: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

18 Aralık 2018 Salı

Aralık 18, 2018

Blood Tubes

Blood Collection Tubes


Serum Separator Tube (SST): 
This grey and red speckled tube ("tiger top") is used primarily for Chemistry and Viral antibody testing. No anticoagulant is contained in the tube. 


Red Top Tube (Plain Non-Barrier): 
This tube is used for certain Blood Bank testing which requires a patient's serum, primarily RPR testing. Chemistries and other drug levels may be drawn in red top tube. The tube contains no anticoagulant.


Lavender Top Tube: 
This tube is used to for Hematology (CBC, e.g.) and certain Chemistry and Blood Bank testing. The tube contains EDTA as an anticoagulant. Samples collected in lavender tubes may not be used for coagulation tests. 


Light Blue Top Tube: 
This tube is used for coagulation testing. The tube contains buffered sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. It is critical to test accuracy that the tube be filled completely. Inadequate amounts of blood in the tube can yield erroneous test results. 


Green Top Tube: 
This tube contains lithium heparin as an anticoagulant, and is used for certain hematology, chemistry and virology tests. 

Light Green Top Tube (PST): 
This tube is used for serum HCGs and other routine chemistry tests. The tube contains lithium heparin as an anticoagulant.  


Brown Top Tube: 
This tube is used for Cytogenetic testing and other routine chemistry tests. The tube contains sodium heparin as an anticoagulant. (note: TAN top is different from Brown, and has EDTA)



Black Top Tube (Vac-Tec): 
This tube is used for sed rates (ESR). The tube contains sodium citrate as the anticoagulant. 


Grey Top Tube: 
This tube is primary used for glucose testing. It contains potassium oxalate with sodium fluoride as the anticoagulant. 



Yellow Top Tube: 
This tube is used for certain reference tests requiring whole blood. It contains ACD (acid-citrate-dextrose) as the anticoagulant. 

Navy Blue Top Tube (No additive): 
This tube is used for certain reference tests. It is "metal free" and contains no anticoagulant. 
Navy Blue Tube Tube (EDTA): 
This tube is used for certain reference tests. It contains EDTA as the anticoagulant.

INSTAGRAM


0
By on Hiç yorum yok:
Etiketler: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

12 Aralık 2018 Çarşamba

Aralık 12, 2018

CRP Testi

CRP Testi


Pnömokoklarda, kapsül antijen maddesinden başka somatik antijenler de vardır. Somatik bölümde iki antijen maddesi bulunur. Bunlardan birisi, protein yapısında bir madde olup M protein diye isimlendirilir. Somatik bölümdeki ikinci madde ise karbonhidrat yapısında olup C diye adlandırılır. Bu madde, bütün pnömokok tiplerinde ortaktır. Organizmada bu C maddesine karşı onunla birleştiğinde presipitasyona yol açan C reaktive protein (CRP) adında bir karşı madde oluşur. 



Pnömokoklar, tipe özel olmayan somatik C polisakkaritleri ile presipitasyon verdiğinden bu proteine, C reaktive protein (CRP) denir. Normal (sağlıklı) insanların kanında düşük yoğunlukta bulunan bir globulindir. Saflaştırılmış C reaktive protein, tavşanlara şırınga edildiğinde bir bağışık serum elde edilir. CRPA denen bu bağışık serumla insan serumundaki CRP, presipitasyon deneyi ile ortaya çıkarılır.


Serumda anlamlı miktarda CRP‟nin bulunması akut yangılı hastalıklar, miyokard enfarktüsü, malign tümörlerde ve doku incinmesinin oluştuğu diğer olgularda ortaya çıkan nonspesifik bir bulgudur. Bilindiği gibi aynı patolojik olaylara bağlı olarak eritrositlerin çökme hızı da çoğalır ya da azalır. Ancak CRP, bu olaylarda daha erken ortaya çıkar ve iyileşmelerde daha erken normale döner. 


Özellikle romatizmal ateş ve romatoid artritin akut fazında CRP‟nin araştırılmasının önemli tanı değeri vardır. Başta enfeksiyöz hepatit olmak üzere; birçok virüs infeksiyonlarında, pnomokok pnömonisinde, aktif tüberkülozda, karaciğer sirozunun akut devresinde, anjin, kızıl, suçiçeği ve kabakulakta ekseriya CRP bulunur. 


INSTAGRAM


0
By on Hiç yorum yok:
Etiketler: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

3 Aralık 2018 Pazartesi

Aralık 03, 2018

Slayt ile ASO Testi

 Slayt ile ASO Testi

Slâyt üzerinde aglütinasyon yöntemi ile ASO düzeyini ölçmektir.

Araç Gereçler 
  • Reaktif (ASO-Latex (streptolisin O ile kaplı polistiren partikülleri süspansiyonu) 
  • Taze serum numunesi 
  • Pozitif ve negatif kontrol serumları 
  • Tek kullanımlık serum damlatıcı 
  • Slâyt 
  • Cam baget 
  • Rotatör 

Teknik 
  • Tüm reaktifler ve numune, oda sıcaklığına getirilip kullanmadan önce iyice karıştırılır.  
  • Slâyt üzerine bir damla serum damlatılır. 
  • Serum üzerine bir damla ASO-Latex antijeni ekleyip cam bagetle iyice karıştırılır. 
  • Slâyt, iki dakika boyunca hafif dairesel hareketlerle sallanır ve güçlü bir ışık altında aglütinasyon izlenir. 
  • Pozitif ve negatif kontrol serumları da aynı işleme tabi tutulur. 


Testin Değerlendirilmesi
  •  Aglütinasyon görülmesi, pozitif sonucu verir. Pozitif sonuç; numune içerisindeki ASO konsantrasyonunun 200 IU/ml‟ye eşit veya bu orandan daha fazla (normalden yüksek) olduğunu gösterir. 
  • Aglütinasyon görülmemesi,  negatif sonucu verir. Negatif sonuç, numune içerisindeki ASO seviyesinin 200 IU/ml‟den az (normal seviyede) olduğunu gösterir. 





INSTAGRAM

1
By on 1 yorum:
Etiketler: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

2 Aralık 2018 Pazar

Aralık 02, 2018

ASO Testi

ASO TESTİ

Streptococcusların eritrositler üzerinde eritici etki gösteren enzimlerine, Streptolizin denir. Beta hemolitik Streptococcuslar iki çeşit hemolizin oluşturur.


 Bunlar Streptolizin-O ve Streptolizin-S'dir. Streptolizin-O, oksijen varlığında hızla inaktive olur ve aynı zamanda kuvvetli antijen özelliğindedir. Organizmada kendisiyle özgül olarak birleşebilecek antikor oluşumuna neden olan bu antikorlara, antistreptolizin-O (ASO) adı verilir. 

ASO aranması mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarlarında en çok yapılan serolojik testlerden biridir. Serumda belirlenen ASO titresi, geçirilmiş veya geçirilmekte olan bir Streptococcus enfeksiyonunu gösterir. Aynı zamanda Streptococcus kaynaklı hastalıkların takibi konusunda da yararlanılır. 


INSTAGRAM

0
By on Hiç yorum yok:
Etiketler: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

1 Aralık 2018 Cumartesi

Aralık 01, 2018

VDRL TEST

VDRL TEST 

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test is a slide flocculation test employed in the diagnosis of syphilis. Since the antigen used in this test is cardiolipin, which is a lipoidal extracted from beef heart, it is not a specific test. This test is also classified as non-specific or non-treponemal or standard test. The antibodies reacting with cardiolipin antibodies have been traditionally (but incorrectly) termed “regain”.


Principle: Patients suffering from syphilis produce antibodies that react with cardiolipin antigen in a slide flocculation test, which are read using a microscope. It is not known if the antibodies that react with cardiolipin are produced against some lipid component of Treponema pallidum or as a result of tissue injury following infection. 

Requirements: Patient’s serum, water bath, freshly prepared cardiolipin antigen, VDRL slide, mechanical rotator, pipettes, hypodermic syringe with unbeveled needle and microscope. Known reactive and non-reactive serum controls are also required. 

VDRL antigen: The cardiolipin antigen is an alcoholic solution composed of 0.03% cardiolipin, 0.21% lecithin and 0.9% cholesterol. The cardiolipin antigen must be freshly constituted each day of test. The working antigen is a buffered saline suspension of cardiolipin. 

VDRL slide: This is a glass slide measuring 2 X 3 inch with 12 concave depressions, each measuring 16 mm in diameter and 1.75 mm deep. 

Procedure: Patients’ serum is inactivated by heating at 56o C for 30 minutes in a water bath to remove non-specific inhibitors (such as complement). The test can be performed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Those tests that are reactive by qualitative test are subjected to quantitative test to determine the antibody titres. 

Qualitative test: 0.05 ml of inactivated serum is taken into one well. 1/60th ml (or 1 drop from 18 gauge needle) of the cardiolipin antigen is then added with the help of a syringe (unbeveled) to the well and rotated at 180 rpm for 4 minutes. Every test must be accompanied with known reactive and non-reactive controls. The slide is then viewed under low power objective of a microscope for flocculation. The reactive and non-reactive controls are looked first to verify the quality of the antigen. Depending on the size the results are graded as weakly reactive (W) or reactive (R). Reactive samples are then subjected to quantitative test. 

Qualitative test: this is performed to determine the antibody titres. The serum is doubly diluted in saline from 1in 2 to 1:256 or more. 0.05 ml of each dilution is taken in the well and 1/60 ml of antigen is added to each dilution and rotated in a rotator. The results are then checked under the microscope. The highest dilution showing flocculation is considered as reactive titre. Sometimes, due to very high level of antibodies in the serum (prozone phenomenon) the qualitative test may be non-reactive. If the clinical findings are strongly suggestive of syphilis, a quantitative test may be directly performed on the serum specimen. 

CSF VDRL: VDRL test may also be performed on CSF samples in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Quantitative VDRL is the test of choice on CSF specimens. However, there are some variations in this test. The antigen is diluted in equal volumes with 10% saline, CSF must not be heated (or inactivated), the volume of antigen solution taken is 0.01 ml (or 1 drop from 21 gauge needle) and rotation time is 8 minutes. Rest of the procedure remains same. 

Significance of VDRL test: VDRL test becomes positive 1-2 weeks after appearance of (primary lesion) chancre. The test becomes reactive (50-75%) in the late phase of primary syphilis, becomes highly reactive (100%) in the secondary syphilis and reactivity decreases (75%) thereafter. Treatment in the early stages of infection may completely suppress production of antibodies and result in non-reactive tests. Effective treatment in the primary or secondary stages results in rapid fall in titre and the test may turn non-reactive in few months. Treatment in latent or late syphilis has very little effect on the titre and the titres may persist at low levels for long periods. Since the titre falls with effective treatment, it can be used for assessment of prognosis. VDRL test is more suitable as a screening agent than a diagnostic tool. 

VDRL test is also helpful in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis. Since passively transferred antibodies through placenta may give false reactive test in serum of the infant, a repeat test after a month showing no increase in titre may help rule out congenital syphilis. 

Since the test employs a non-treponemal antigen, there are many chances of false positive results. False positivity (other than technical) may be due to physiological of pathological conditions. These are called biological false positives (BFP). If the remain positive for less than 6 months it is considered acute and they remain positive for longer than 6 months it is called chronic BFP. The physiological reasons for BFP include pregnancy, menstruation, repeated blood loss, vaccination, severe trauma etc while the reasons for pathological BFP include malaria, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, relapsing fever, tropical eosinophilia, lepromatous leprosy, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis etc.

A reactive VDRL test does not necessarily imply that the person is syphilitic. The diagnosis must be made in conjunction with clinical findings. Any reactive VDRL test must be confirmed with a specific or treponemal test such as TPHA, FTA-ABS test. 




INSTAGRAM
0
By on Hiç yorum yok:
Etiketler: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,